mayoclinic
Sith Apprentice
- Joined
- Feb 28, 2010
- Messages
- 9,075
- Reaction score
- 395
- Points
- 83
I. Overview
The Pats nearly completely turned over their defense between 2007 and 2010, with Vince Wilfork and Ty Warren the only significant holdovers from the Super Bowl years. An old, slow but savvy defense was replaced with a young, fast, athletic but inexperienced defense. The 2010 defense started off ragged but recovered somewhat to end with mixed results: the best turnover differential in 2 decades, but also the worst pass defense and worst 3rd down conversion rate allowed in memory. Key injuries on the DL (Ty Warren, Mike Wright) and secondary (Leigh Bodden, Brandon McGowan) thrust young players into the spotlight earlier than expected. Rookie Devin McCourty responded with a Pro Bowl season, but the results in other areas were mixed. Lack of pressure seemed to be a consistent consistent complaint. For the 3rd consecutive year the team ended up with under 40 sacks, and no player produced more than 5.5 sacks. Going into 2011 the general consensus seemed to be that the team needed some seasoning, experience, and continuity, along with an additional playmarker or two at the DE and DE/OLB positions.
II. Defensive Units
DL
The DL was once the strength of the team, and the best 3-4 unit in the NFL led by Richard Seymour, Vince Wilfork and Ty Warren. The Seymour trade in 2009 ended that, and Ty Warren's hip surgery and Mike Wright's concussion/neck injury in 2010 further eroded the unit. Vince Wilfork responded with another Pro Bowl season, Gerard Warren filled in ably, and there were some signs of progress from youngsters such as Ron Brace, Brandon Deaderick, Myron Pryor and Kyle Love. But the DL was spread very thin at times, and both the run defense and pass rush were not up to expectations.
The 2011 unit should be better, even though many people were disappointed by the failure to add a stud rookie DL in the 2011 draft. Wilfork remains the anchor of the line. Ty Warren will be back, and claims to be recovering well from his hip surgery; a strong recovery would be a godsend. Gerard Warren is a FA and could return, but the signing of Marcus Stroud adds another veteran presence, albeit one on the downside of his career. Mike Wright is reportedly recovering from what appeared at one time to be potentially career threatening injuries.
Nevertheless, how the DL does will probably depend to a large extent on the development of the young players. Ron Brace showed some nice flashes in 2010; if he is ready to step up to the RDE position it would be a godsend. Rookie Kade Weston spent 2010 on IR but has considerable talent and the size to anchor the right side. Brandon Deaderick was erratic in 2010, and Myron Pryor was slowed by injuries. Kyle Love showed promise in making the team as a UDFA, though the team lacks a true NT backup to Vince Wilfork.
There will be intense training cap jostling for roster spots. 8 DLs seems likely, but there will be 9-10 capable bodies fighting for spots. A veteran FA signing - such as Marcus Spears - seems unlikely at this point, unless there is an injury issue.
Overall prognosis: Solid, and very deep. Should be better than 2010 because of the return of Ty Warren, the addition of Marcus Stroud, and the development of the youngsters. But probably not elite.
DE/OLB
The OLB group also produced mixed results in 2010. The Pats started 2010 by cutting Adalius Thomas, and with great hopes from veteran Derrick Burgess, who had shown some promise in 2009 and was converting to OLB. Burgess unexpectedly retired in August, and stayed retired. Tully Banta-Cain, who had surprised with 10 sacks in 2009, was injured and regressed, losing his starting job.
On the up side, rookie Jermaine Cunningham made steady if unspectacular progress converting to OLB, and became a solid starter. Though he had some trouble finishing off plays and only produced 1 sack, Cunningham did show some steady pressure which had been lacking from the OLB position. Rob Ninkovich was a surprise starter and played better than expected, showing some unexpected flashes. His 2 interceptions of Chad Henne in the first Miami game was one of the highpoints of the season. Finally, the signing of journeyman and UFL player Eric Moore late in the season produced some unexpected results. Moore produced 2 sacks, 2 forced fumbles and 14 tackles in only 4 games, playing mostly in sub packages the way Derrick Burgess had been used in 2009.
Don't expect a major FA signing for 2011. The big names, LaMarr Woodley and Tamba Hali, were given the franchise tag by their respective organizations, and are too expensive any way. Since the Adalius Thomas fiasco it is unlikely that the team will throw a huge contract at the position. A more modest signing such as Matt Roth might happen, but is by no means a given. Rookie Markell Carter has some upside as a developmental prospect, but appears destined for the practice squad unless he makes the team as a surprise STer.
Overall prognosis: Guarded. As with DL, many people wanted an edge rusher in the 2011 draft, and came away dissapointed. On the other hand, the failure to draft an edge rusher suggests that BB is pleased with the talent and progress of a young unit. If Jermaine Cunningham makes the expected 2nd year leap and Eric Moore shows progress converting to a full time OLB, this could be a better unit than expected. It won't be flashy and will likely not produce the kind of attacking pressure that many fans want, but it will probably do a very capable and effective job in BB's 2-gapping read and react defense.
ILB
The ILB unit was transformed in 2 years from one of the weakest parts of the defense to one of the strongest. It excelled in 2010, led by Pro Bowl WILB Jerod Mayo, who was fully recovered from his 2009 MCL sprain and who led the league in tackles. More importantly, Mayo showed signs of becoming a playmaker on defense, and clearly stepped up to become the undisputed leader of the defense, along with Vince Wilfork. Mayo seemed to benefit from the addition of a true SILB thumper in rookie Brandon Spikes. Spikes was inconsistent in 2010, mixing flashes of brilliants and physical play with some major mistakes and obvious signs of inexperience. He also had two embarrassing episodes, the last resulting in a 4 game suspension for inadvertently using PEDs. Gary Guyton played adequately but regressed slightly from his 2009 season. He will be in a contract year this year. The other surprise was UDFA rookie Dane Fletcher, who beat out 2009 3rd round pick Tyrone McKenzie to make the team and who showed surprising speed in converting from DE to LB. Fletcher managed to see considerable playing time and was used in a variety of roles, including as a spy, at SILB, and as a situational pass rusher. He has tremendous athleticism and appears to be a very quick study, and he if he continues to develop he could be a force to be reckoned with on the ILB unit for some time.
This unit is the deepest and strongest it has been since the 2004 SB year.
I'm particularly bullish on rookie Brandon Spikes, who should bring physicality, a nasty attitude, and leadership to the defense. I think the interior defense is critical both for better run defense (no more 4.4 YPC, please) and for generating interior pressure to collapse the pocket and make the outside pass rush more effective. Tyrone Mackenzie is essentially an extra rookie after his 2009 ACL injury, and offers nice positional versatility (he can play 4-3 SAM as well) and better range and coverage than Spikes.
I personally think the end of the line has come for Eric Alexander, as I can't see the Pats carrying more than 4 at this position and the top 4 are set. It's remotely possible that we could carry 5 and that Alexander could make it based on his ST play, but I doubt it. I'm still traumatized by memories of him in coverage in the 2006 AFCCG loss to the Colts. Thomas Williams sounds like PS material, if he is still eligible.
Overall prognosis: Very strong. The best it's been since 2004.
Safety
This unit continues to be one of the strengths of the team. Brandon Meriweather was somewhat erratic in 2010 and was even briefly benched for freelancing too much, but recovered to make his second consecutive Pro Bowl. Second year man Pat Chung seemed to make the expected leap and became the starter opposite Meriweather. He showed signs of becoming an impact player, though a knee injury slowed him down for the second half of the season. James Sanders remained a consistent and steady presence. Brandon McGowan, who played well in 2009, unexpectedly spent the season on injured reserve with a torn pectoral muscle. The team traded with Kansas City for Jarrad Page, who struggled with nagging injuries but showed some flashes. Rookie UDFA Sergio Brown was promoted from the practice squad and showed enough talent to suggest that he could be a long term fixture on the unit. The team also stole special teams ace Josh Barrett away from Denver, although he was on IR for 2010. He has the size and speed to play a hyrbid SS/LB role, similar to what was envisioned for Tank Williams.
The 2011 unit should continue to be very strong. There is tremendous talent and depth. However, the unit has probably not played up to its full capabilities. This could change with the addition of Mike Patricia as positional coach. If anyone can find a way to blend the talents of this group and get them to produce up to or exceeding the sum of their parts, it is the charismatic and creative Patricia. This will be one of the more interesting stories for the defense in 2011.
Overall prognosis: Very strong for 2011. Meriweather, Chung, Sanders, Page/McGowan, Brown and Josh Barrett make for one of the strongest and deepest units in the NFL. Hopefully Pat Chung will be fully recovered from his knee injury and will continue to develop into a miniature version of Troy Polamalu. If Brandon Meriweather can stay disciplined and play within the structure of the defense, the outlook should be very good. Up in the air for the long term, as only Patrick Chung and Sergio Brown are currently signed beyond 2011. There could be some roster turnover in this area, and possibly some trades. A veteran free agent signing such as Dontae Whitner is a long shot, but not out out of the question. Unless the team addresses some of the long term contract situation in the next year, this position could be a target in the 2012 draft.
CB
Going into 2010 most people expected Darius Butler to make a huge leap in his second year and become the starter opposite Leigh Bodden. Things didn't work out that way, as Bodden went on injured reserve during training camp and Butler regressed, becoming at best a nickel/dime CB. Butler started the season as a starter but was picked on mercilessly, and appeared to lose confidence. He did recover somewhat over the course of the season as a role player, but appears to have serious deficiencies in technique and a lack of physicality, which may limit him to being a slot CB at best.
The combination of Bodden's injury and Butler's regression through the CB position into chaos. The season was salvaged by the emergence of rookie Devin McCourty as a bona fide shutdown CB, and the unexpected emergence of ST ace UDFA CB Kyle Arrington as a competent starter. Arrington was unexpectedly thrust into the starting role after Butler's collapse, and played much better than expected, handling many talented receivers, including Randy Moss. While he probably will not and should not remain a starter, he provides a solid backup after a year of experience.
McCourty was a revelation in 2010. Most people were caught off guard when the Patriots drafted McCourty at #27 in the first round of the 2010 draft, once again passing up the expected DL or pass rusher. The national media questioned the pick, and appeared to view McCourty as a special teams ace par excellence and solid 2nd round talent, but not as one of the top 3-4 CBs in the draft. Instead, McCourty produced 8 interceptions and a blend of physical and savvy play reminiscent of Ty Law, made the Pro Bowl, and finished second to Ndamukong Suh in DROY voting. McCourty showcased exceptional quickness and the ability to rapidly adjust with a physical style of play, allowing him to handle both small/quick receivers and the physical, speedy flankers. His performance against Calvin Johnson was nothing short of inspirational. He clearly represents, along with Jerod Mayo and Vince Wilfork, the core of the defense.
3rd year player Jonathan Wilhite recovered from a rough 2009 to share time with Darius Butler as the nickel/dime CB. He played somewhat better than expected. That made fellow 3rd year man Terrance Wheatley expendable; Wheatley could never stay healthy long enough to develop the necessary consistency.
The Patriots appear set on moving away from the "smurf" CBs that they seemed to favor from 2003-2008 (Asante Samuel, Ellis Hobbs, Randall Gay, Terrance Wheatley and Jonathan Wilhite, all under 5'10" and none very phyiscal) to bigger, more physical CBs capable of playing man and press coverage and handling the power WRs in the league such as Brandon Marshall, Vincent Jackson and Calvin Johnson. This trend continued in the 2011 draft with the selection of Ras-I Dowling from Virginia with the #33 pick to open the second round. Again the Pats surprised people by taking a DB over a DL or pass rusher. Dowling was a consensus top 20 talent going into 2010, but suffered from nagging injuries. A team captain with great size at 6'1" 198#, Dowling could be the long term successor to Leigh Bodden opposite McCourty, or could also move to FS, providing nice flexibility. He gives the Pats the ability to put 3 big, physical CBs on the field. If he can stay healthy, the Pats should have one of the deepest and most talented units in the NFL. With Kyle Arrington as a very capable backup, that will likely leave Darius Butler and Jonathan Wilhite to fight it out for the dime role and final roster spot. Tony Carter is probably the odd man out in the scenario, though he could possibly surprise both Butler and Wilhite.
Overall prognosis: One of the deepest and most talented units, with no one over 28. Should be set for the long term. If Leigh Bodden can make a full recovery from his hsoulder injury and Ras-I Dowling can stay healthy, this could be one of the best units in the NFL. It will be especially interesting to see how McCourty progresses in 2011. He looks like he could make a leap to the Darrelle Revis level sooner rather than later, and become the best Pats CB since Ty Law, and possibly Mike Haynes.
(continued on next post due to size limitations)
The Pats nearly completely turned over their defense between 2007 and 2010, with Vince Wilfork and Ty Warren the only significant holdovers from the Super Bowl years. An old, slow but savvy defense was replaced with a young, fast, athletic but inexperienced defense. The 2010 defense started off ragged but recovered somewhat to end with mixed results: the best turnover differential in 2 decades, but also the worst pass defense and worst 3rd down conversion rate allowed in memory. Key injuries on the DL (Ty Warren, Mike Wright) and secondary (Leigh Bodden, Brandon McGowan) thrust young players into the spotlight earlier than expected. Rookie Devin McCourty responded with a Pro Bowl season, but the results in other areas were mixed. Lack of pressure seemed to be a consistent consistent complaint. For the 3rd consecutive year the team ended up with under 40 sacks, and no player produced more than 5.5 sacks. Going into 2011 the general consensus seemed to be that the team needed some seasoning, experience, and continuity, along with an additional playmarker or two at the DE and DE/OLB positions.
II. Defensive Units
DL
The DL was once the strength of the team, and the best 3-4 unit in the NFL led by Richard Seymour, Vince Wilfork and Ty Warren. The Seymour trade in 2009 ended that, and Ty Warren's hip surgery and Mike Wright's concussion/neck injury in 2010 further eroded the unit. Vince Wilfork responded with another Pro Bowl season, Gerard Warren filled in ably, and there were some signs of progress from youngsters such as Ron Brace, Brandon Deaderick, Myron Pryor and Kyle Love. But the DL was spread very thin at times, and both the run defense and pass rush were not up to expectations.
The 2011 unit should be better, even though many people were disappointed by the failure to add a stud rookie DL in the 2011 draft. Wilfork remains the anchor of the line. Ty Warren will be back, and claims to be recovering well from his hip surgery; a strong recovery would be a godsend. Gerard Warren is a FA and could return, but the signing of Marcus Stroud adds another veteran presence, albeit one on the downside of his career. Mike Wright is reportedly recovering from what appeared at one time to be potentially career threatening injuries.
Nevertheless, how the DL does will probably depend to a large extent on the development of the young players. Ron Brace showed some nice flashes in 2010; if he is ready to step up to the RDE position it would be a godsend. Rookie Kade Weston spent 2010 on IR but has considerable talent and the size to anchor the right side. Brandon Deaderick was erratic in 2010, and Myron Pryor was slowed by injuries. Kyle Love showed promise in making the team as a UDFA, though the team lacks a true NT backup to Vince Wilfork.
There will be intense training cap jostling for roster spots. 8 DLs seems likely, but there will be 9-10 capable bodies fighting for spots. A veteran FA signing - such as Marcus Spears - seems unlikely at this point, unless there is an injury issue.
Overall prognosis: Solid, and very deep. Should be better than 2010 because of the return of Ty Warren, the addition of Marcus Stroud, and the development of the youngsters. But probably not elite.
DE/OLB
The OLB group also produced mixed results in 2010. The Pats started 2010 by cutting Adalius Thomas, and with great hopes from veteran Derrick Burgess, who had shown some promise in 2009 and was converting to OLB. Burgess unexpectedly retired in August, and stayed retired. Tully Banta-Cain, who had surprised with 10 sacks in 2009, was injured and regressed, losing his starting job.
On the up side, rookie Jermaine Cunningham made steady if unspectacular progress converting to OLB, and became a solid starter. Though he had some trouble finishing off plays and only produced 1 sack, Cunningham did show some steady pressure which had been lacking from the OLB position. Rob Ninkovich was a surprise starter and played better than expected, showing some unexpected flashes. His 2 interceptions of Chad Henne in the first Miami game was one of the highpoints of the season. Finally, the signing of journeyman and UFL player Eric Moore late in the season produced some unexpected results. Moore produced 2 sacks, 2 forced fumbles and 14 tackles in only 4 games, playing mostly in sub packages the way Derrick Burgess had been used in 2009.
Don't expect a major FA signing for 2011. The big names, LaMarr Woodley and Tamba Hali, were given the franchise tag by their respective organizations, and are too expensive any way. Since the Adalius Thomas fiasco it is unlikely that the team will throw a huge contract at the position. A more modest signing such as Matt Roth might happen, but is by no means a given. Rookie Markell Carter has some upside as a developmental prospect, but appears destined for the practice squad unless he makes the team as a surprise STer.
Overall prognosis: Guarded. As with DL, many people wanted an edge rusher in the 2011 draft, and came away dissapointed. On the other hand, the failure to draft an edge rusher suggests that BB is pleased with the talent and progress of a young unit. If Jermaine Cunningham makes the expected 2nd year leap and Eric Moore shows progress converting to a full time OLB, this could be a better unit than expected. It won't be flashy and will likely not produce the kind of attacking pressure that many fans want, but it will probably do a very capable and effective job in BB's 2-gapping read and react defense.
ILB
The ILB unit was transformed in 2 years from one of the weakest parts of the defense to one of the strongest. It excelled in 2010, led by Pro Bowl WILB Jerod Mayo, who was fully recovered from his 2009 MCL sprain and who led the league in tackles. More importantly, Mayo showed signs of becoming a playmaker on defense, and clearly stepped up to become the undisputed leader of the defense, along with Vince Wilfork. Mayo seemed to benefit from the addition of a true SILB thumper in rookie Brandon Spikes. Spikes was inconsistent in 2010, mixing flashes of brilliants and physical play with some major mistakes and obvious signs of inexperience. He also had two embarrassing episodes, the last resulting in a 4 game suspension for inadvertently using PEDs. Gary Guyton played adequately but regressed slightly from his 2009 season. He will be in a contract year this year. The other surprise was UDFA rookie Dane Fletcher, who beat out 2009 3rd round pick Tyrone McKenzie to make the team and who showed surprising speed in converting from DE to LB. Fletcher managed to see considerable playing time and was used in a variety of roles, including as a spy, at SILB, and as a situational pass rusher. He has tremendous athleticism and appears to be a very quick study, and he if he continues to develop he could be a force to be reckoned with on the ILB unit for some time.
This unit is the deepest and strongest it has been since the 2004 SB year.
I'm particularly bullish on rookie Brandon Spikes, who should bring physicality, a nasty attitude, and leadership to the defense. I think the interior defense is critical both for better run defense (no more 4.4 YPC, please) and for generating interior pressure to collapse the pocket and make the outside pass rush more effective. Tyrone Mackenzie is essentially an extra rookie after his 2009 ACL injury, and offers nice positional versatility (he can play 4-3 SAM as well) and better range and coverage than Spikes.
I personally think the end of the line has come for Eric Alexander, as I can't see the Pats carrying more than 4 at this position and the top 4 are set. It's remotely possible that we could carry 5 and that Alexander could make it based on his ST play, but I doubt it. I'm still traumatized by memories of him in coverage in the 2006 AFCCG loss to the Colts. Thomas Williams sounds like PS material, if he is still eligible.
Overall prognosis: Very strong. The best it's been since 2004.
Safety
This unit continues to be one of the strengths of the team. Brandon Meriweather was somewhat erratic in 2010 and was even briefly benched for freelancing too much, but recovered to make his second consecutive Pro Bowl. Second year man Pat Chung seemed to make the expected leap and became the starter opposite Meriweather. He showed signs of becoming an impact player, though a knee injury slowed him down for the second half of the season. James Sanders remained a consistent and steady presence. Brandon McGowan, who played well in 2009, unexpectedly spent the season on injured reserve with a torn pectoral muscle. The team traded with Kansas City for Jarrad Page, who struggled with nagging injuries but showed some flashes. Rookie UDFA Sergio Brown was promoted from the practice squad and showed enough talent to suggest that he could be a long term fixture on the unit. The team also stole special teams ace Josh Barrett away from Denver, although he was on IR for 2010. He has the size and speed to play a hyrbid SS/LB role, similar to what was envisioned for Tank Williams.
The 2011 unit should continue to be very strong. There is tremendous talent and depth. However, the unit has probably not played up to its full capabilities. This could change with the addition of Mike Patricia as positional coach. If anyone can find a way to blend the talents of this group and get them to produce up to or exceeding the sum of their parts, it is the charismatic and creative Patricia. This will be one of the more interesting stories for the defense in 2011.
Overall prognosis: Very strong for 2011. Meriweather, Chung, Sanders, Page/McGowan, Brown and Josh Barrett make for one of the strongest and deepest units in the NFL. Hopefully Pat Chung will be fully recovered from his knee injury and will continue to develop into a miniature version of Troy Polamalu. If Brandon Meriweather can stay disciplined and play within the structure of the defense, the outlook should be very good. Up in the air for the long term, as only Patrick Chung and Sergio Brown are currently signed beyond 2011. There could be some roster turnover in this area, and possibly some trades. A veteran free agent signing such as Dontae Whitner is a long shot, but not out out of the question. Unless the team addresses some of the long term contract situation in the next year, this position could be a target in the 2012 draft.
CB
Going into 2010 most people expected Darius Butler to make a huge leap in his second year and become the starter opposite Leigh Bodden. Things didn't work out that way, as Bodden went on injured reserve during training camp and Butler regressed, becoming at best a nickel/dime CB. Butler started the season as a starter but was picked on mercilessly, and appeared to lose confidence. He did recover somewhat over the course of the season as a role player, but appears to have serious deficiencies in technique and a lack of physicality, which may limit him to being a slot CB at best.
The combination of Bodden's injury and Butler's regression through the CB position into chaos. The season was salvaged by the emergence of rookie Devin McCourty as a bona fide shutdown CB, and the unexpected emergence of ST ace UDFA CB Kyle Arrington as a competent starter. Arrington was unexpectedly thrust into the starting role after Butler's collapse, and played much better than expected, handling many talented receivers, including Randy Moss. While he probably will not and should not remain a starter, he provides a solid backup after a year of experience.
McCourty was a revelation in 2010. Most people were caught off guard when the Patriots drafted McCourty at #27 in the first round of the 2010 draft, once again passing up the expected DL or pass rusher. The national media questioned the pick, and appeared to view McCourty as a special teams ace par excellence and solid 2nd round talent, but not as one of the top 3-4 CBs in the draft. Instead, McCourty produced 8 interceptions and a blend of physical and savvy play reminiscent of Ty Law, made the Pro Bowl, and finished second to Ndamukong Suh in DROY voting. McCourty showcased exceptional quickness and the ability to rapidly adjust with a physical style of play, allowing him to handle both small/quick receivers and the physical, speedy flankers. His performance against Calvin Johnson was nothing short of inspirational. He clearly represents, along with Jerod Mayo and Vince Wilfork, the core of the defense.
3rd year player Jonathan Wilhite recovered from a rough 2009 to share time with Darius Butler as the nickel/dime CB. He played somewhat better than expected. That made fellow 3rd year man Terrance Wheatley expendable; Wheatley could never stay healthy long enough to develop the necessary consistency.
The Patriots appear set on moving away from the "smurf" CBs that they seemed to favor from 2003-2008 (Asante Samuel, Ellis Hobbs, Randall Gay, Terrance Wheatley and Jonathan Wilhite, all under 5'10" and none very phyiscal) to bigger, more physical CBs capable of playing man and press coverage and handling the power WRs in the league such as Brandon Marshall, Vincent Jackson and Calvin Johnson. This trend continued in the 2011 draft with the selection of Ras-I Dowling from Virginia with the #33 pick to open the second round. Again the Pats surprised people by taking a DB over a DL or pass rusher. Dowling was a consensus top 20 talent going into 2010, but suffered from nagging injuries. A team captain with great size at 6'1" 198#, Dowling could be the long term successor to Leigh Bodden opposite McCourty, or could also move to FS, providing nice flexibility. He gives the Pats the ability to put 3 big, physical CBs on the field. If he can stay healthy, the Pats should have one of the deepest and most talented units in the NFL. With Kyle Arrington as a very capable backup, that will likely leave Darius Butler and Jonathan Wilhite to fight it out for the dime role and final roster spot. Tony Carter is probably the odd man out in the scenario, though he could possibly surprise both Butler and Wilhite.
Overall prognosis: One of the deepest and most talented units, with no one over 28. Should be set for the long term. If Leigh Bodden can make a full recovery from his hsoulder injury and Ras-I Dowling can stay healthy, this could be one of the best units in the NFL. It will be especially interesting to see how McCourty progresses in 2011. He looks like he could make a leap to the Darrelle Revis level sooner rather than later, and become the best Pats CB since Ty Law, and possibly Mike Haynes.
(continued on next post due to size limitations)